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Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache (OFPH) is published by MRE Press from Volume 38 lssue 1 (2024). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by MRE Press on www.jofph.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache.
Occlusion, Orthodontic Treatment, and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Review
1Department of Orthodoxies and Pédiatrie Dentistry, Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
2Section of Orofaoial Pain and Occlusion, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California
3Department of Oral Health Practice and Orofaeial Pain Center, University of Kentucky, Oollege of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky
*Corresponding Author(s): James A. McNamara E-mail:
A review of the current literature regarding the interaction of morphologic and functional occlusal factors relative to TMD indicates that there is a relatively low association of occlusal factors in characterizing TMD. Skeletal anterior open bite, overjets greater than 6 to 7 mm, retruded cuspal position/intercuspal position slides greater than 4 mm, unilateral lingual crossbite, and five or more missing posterior teeth are the five occlusal features that have been associated with specific diagnostic groups of TMD conditions. The first three factors often are associated with TMJ arthropathies and may be the result of osseous or ligamentous changes within the temporomandibular articulation. With regard to the relationship of orthodontic treatment to TMD, the current literature indicates that orthodontic treatment performed during adolescence generally does not increase or decrease the odds of developing TMD later in life. There is no elevated risk of TMD associated with any particular type of orthodontic mechanics or with extraction protocols. Although a stable occlusion is a reasonable orthodontic treatment goal, not achieving a specific gnathologically ideal occlusion does not result in TMD signs and symptoms. Thus, according to the existing literature, the relationship of TMD to occlusion and orthodontic treatment is minor. Signs and symptoms of TMD occur in healthy individuals and increase with age, particularly during adolescence; thus, TM disorders that originate during various types of dental treatment may not be related to the treatment but may be a naturally occurring phenomenon.
James A. Mcnamara, Donald A. Seligman, Jeffrey P. Okeson. Occlusion, Orthodontic Treatment, and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Review. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache. 1995. 9(1);73-90.
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