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Do Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders Have a Cause-and-Effect Relationship?
1Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Function, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands
2Department of Oral iHealth, Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
*Corresponding Author(s): Frank Lobbezoo E-mail:
Controversy continues to exist over the putative role of bruxism in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders. A commonly held concept is that bruxism leads to signs and symptoms characteristic of one or more of the subdiagnoses of temporomandibular disorders, while another hypothesis suggests that bruxism is a temporomandibular disorder itself that sometimes coexists with other forms of temporomandibular disorders. Following a thorough review of the literature in this article, it is concluded that the relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders is still unclear. Future research should examine longitudinal epidemiologic and clinical/experimental data to establish or refute a cause-and-effect relationship. In doing so, the existence of various sub-groups of temporomandibular disorders should be taken into account, and sleep-related bruxism should be discriminated from its daytime variant.
bruxism; temporomandibular disorders; etiology; review
Frank Lobbezoo,Gilles J. Lavigne. Do Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders Have a Cause-and-Effect Relationship?. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache. 1997. 11(1);15-23.
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