Validation of the Indonesian version of the graded chronic pain scale revised (GCPS-R) for patients with temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain

Background: Chronic painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are more complex to treat. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for painful TMD. The Graded Chronic Pain Scale Revised (GCPS-R) is accurate and simple to use in chronic pain assessment, but it has not been validated for use in Indonesian patients. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Indonesian version of the GCPS-R so it can be used to measure chronic pain in patients with painful TMD and orofacial pain in Indonesia. Methods: We performed a cross-cultural adaptation of the GCPS-R into Indonesian (ID-GCPS-R) and subsequently assessed its validity and reliability. We assessed validity based on content, face, and convergent validity. We evaluated reliability using internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha. A panel of experts reviewed content validity. Face validity was assessed by testing among 30 respondents. Convergent validity and internal consistency were assessed using 96 respondents. Respondents were individuals with painful TMD or orofacial pain. Results: Content and face validity were found to be acceptable, according to evaluation from an expert panel review and study respondents. Convergent validity was demonstrated by statistically significant correlations between chronic pain severity and the Indonesian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for TMDs (OHIP-TMDs-ID), specifically on physical pain and disability domains, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores (with r ranging from 0.507 to 0.577). Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.871, indicating good internal consistency. Conclusions: ID-GCPS-R is a valid and reliable tool in the Indonesian language to be used as a measure of chronic pain in patients with painful TMD and orofacial pain.

Temporomandibular disorders; Pain; Chronic pain; Orofacial pain

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